History - hospital name

赤坂病院の病院名（診察科目）はどう称されてきたのか、英語と日本語双方で見ていきます。年代によりいろいろあります。

Akasaka Hospital 赤坂病院 was also known with various names in English.
I noted that not always the place name Akasaka 赤坂 were used. Let's see.


The earliest mention of the hospital was in Clara's diary, on Tuesday, November 20, 1883.

...Willis has also started a free dispensary which is gradually to be worked around, until we can found a cottage memorial hospital in dear Mama's name. [Clara1981: pp.324-25]

“Cottage hospital”means a small rural hospital (The Free Dictionary). It was used as a common noun, not as the hospital name.

Note: It has been said that Akasaka Hospital founded in 1883. For example, the 1926 edition of CYBJ (基督教年鑑), tells that it was May 1883 （創立 明治十六年五月）. However, the above diary shows that Willis did not find a hospital on November of the year. It seems that “May 1883” was the time Willis started a free dispensary.

The Tokio Cottage Hospital

The August 1888 issue of the Medical Missionary Record, a monthly journal published in New York then, run an article of the Tokio Cottage Hospital, written by M. C. W. , i. e. Mary Caroline Whitney.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076720138;view=1up;seq=130

p.140.

The Tokio Cottage Hospital was founded in memory, of Anna L. Whitney, of New Jersey， who died at Tokio on April 17, 1883, whose sincere love for the Japanese led her in 1872 to devote the remainder of her life to the service of Christ in Japan. The building was commenced in November, 1886. As soon as the roof was on and the floors laid down, the patients began to come... (The rest is omitted.)

Note: The hospital building was built on November 1886. Because of this, some people regards the foundation year of the hospital was 1886.

The Cottage Hospital

The Encyclopaedia of Missions, Vol.2, published in 1891 mentioned the Cottage Hospital, founded in memory of Mrs A. L. Whitney. Some sentences are in common with the above article.

Rev. Edwin Munsell Bliss ed., The Encyclopaedia of Missions, Vol. 2.

New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1891. 

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101068101037;view=1up;seq=73

p.55.

JAPAN.

Tokyo.－The Cottage Hospital, founded in memory of Anna L. Whitney, who died in Tokyo April 17th, 1883, was commenced November, 1886. and as soon as the roof was on and floors laid, began to receive and treat the thronging patients. The beds are English made, with spring mattresses. The institution has consulting and medicine rooms. There are several native training-schools for nurses, and many asylums for the blind and afflicted. Japan is not far behind some of the more backward States of America. The sanitary condition of the people is more satisfactory than in any other city of the orient. At the two dispensaries in Tokyo under the charge of Dr. Harrell (1887) 11,903 calls have been made － an increase of 2,500 over the year before; 61 in patients were treated in temporary quarters.

Memorial Hospital

1901: it was called Tokio Memorial Hospital at Friends' Intelligencer and Journal  (Twelfth Month 14, 1901, p.796)

1919:  Whitney Memorial Hospital at the obituary of Dr Thomas McCloy (Japan Christian Year Book 1919, p.269  )


Tokyo Memorial Cottage Hospital

Tokyo Memorial Cottage Hospital, the longest name of the hospital appeared on the 1902 edition of the Directory, and a historical dictionary of Japanese Christianity published in 1988 used .

Directory 1902, on the pages of Medical Mission

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b581038;view=1up;seq=604

あかさかびょういん　赤坂病院　1883(明治16)年1月17日東京で没したホイットニー，A.L.(Whitney，Anna L.)に寄せられた日英米国人の寄付を基に，息子のホイットニー，W.N.が，東京市赤坂区氷川町(現・港区赤坂)に土地を購入，86年小規模の施療病院 Tokyo Memorial Cottage Hospital を開設，貧窮患者の無料診療も行った。88年1月日本人同労者の協力を得て，キリスト教精神による慈善病院として眼科・普通科の赤坂病院を開院。〔以下略〕

『日本キリスト教歴史大事典』教文館・1988 / p.26.

On Directory

Akasaka Ophthalmic Hospital

1889: Akasaka Ophthalmic Hospital
This is the earliest entry at a directory I've ever found.
They started as a hospital specializing in ophthalmic medicine. Willis was the interpreter of the US Legation at the time.

1902: Akasaka Ophthalmic and General Hospital
Willis is the director. General has been added.

1908: Akasaka Eye and General Hospital

The name has became more simple.

Akasaka Hospital

1917: Akasaka Hospital

No more Willis. William Russell Watson is the director. 

1920: Akasaka Hospital

No doctor's name is mentioned. 

1922: Akasaka Hospital

George Braithwaite, Willis' brother-in-law is an honorable treasurer. The Directory said that there were two of hospital for foreigners in Tokyo, Akasaka and St. Luke's.

In Japanese

 赤坂病院・赤阪病院 

Then, how about Japanese name of the hospital?

It seems that they were always called Akasaka Hospital 赤坂病院 in Japanese. The following image is from an ad at a newspaper, dated 15 December 1892. It reads: 

電話九六九番　内外國醫學士出張
診察自前八時至十一時　日曜休　赤坂區氷川町　赤坂病院

[ Telephone 969 / Doctors holding degrees of in and outside Japan make house calls / hours eight to eleven except Sunday / Akasaka Hikawa-cho Akasaka Hospital ]

出典：明治25年12月15日付東京朝日新聞朝刊6頁

Nothing mentioned about what kind of examination they offered, though, they made house calls. Tne next image is from a medical guidebook of Tokyo, Tōto no Kyōrin, publised in 1902.

田中義一 編『東都の杏林』医海時報社 1902 / pp.26

http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/778437/32

赤坂區
●赤阪病院　氷川町十七番地　新橋九六九
院長ドクトル　ホイトニー氏、内外科。

[ Akasaka ward / Akasaka Hospital /  17 Hikawa-cho Akasaka / Shimbashi 969 / Director Dr. Whitney / medicine and surgery ]

The hospital name described 「赤阪」 not 「赤坂」 (阪 and 坂 have the same pronounciation). Is this a misprint? I'm not sure. 「内外科」 meas “medicine and surgery”, there is no mention of ophthalmology. I think this guidebook is not very trustworthy.

The last image I am mentioning is from a telephone directory of Tokyo published in 1926.

出典：東京電話番号簿（大正15年5月1日現在） 「あ」の項目のPDF

It reads 「赤坂病院 青山36-5406 赤、氷川、五」. Pay attention to the address is 5 Hikawa-cho, not 17 Hikawa-cho. 5 Hikawa-cho, just around the corner of no. 17, was where George Braithwaite lived then.

Images are cut out and processed by the editor.

Thanks for the those prepared the original data on the net.

Last updated 25 Jan. 2015

Foreigners in Tokyo 1880s

How many foreigners did reside in Japan in the late nineteenth century?

On 1876, the centennial year of America's Independence, Willis's sister Clara wrote on her diary that there was only sixty two Americans then [29 June 1876].

Fred Victor Dickins (1838-1915) of University of London wrote that:

The total number of foreign residents [in Japan], exclusive of Chinese, was estimated in 1882 at 2650, of whom 1200 were of British nationality. In 1890 the number had increased to 3260, of which 1400 were British subjects.* 

    * The Chinese have steadily increased in number. In 1877 there were only 2107 Chinese residents in Japan, in 1879 there were 3649.  

[ The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, Vol.2, London: Macmillan and Co.,1894, p.445 ]

I've found an article on The British Friend, 1st Month 2nd, 1888, p.7.

Japan.— According to the latest returns of foreigners residing in Japan, there are 592 Americans, 343 Germans, 198 Frenchmen, and 1,423 British. Of foreigners in Government employ there are 27 Germans, 17 Americans, 8 Frenchmen, 8 Italians, 6 Dutchmen, and 68 Englishmen.

Yes, British was the majority of foreigners.
Willis was one of 17 Americans on the returns of the above.

As for Yokohama, a Professor R. H. Plummer, who visited Japan in 1888 wrote that “Yokohama is the chief seaport of the empire, with a population about 85,000, of whom 1200 are foreigners who have a limited district set apart for their purposes. ” [The Southern California Practitioner, April 1889, p.170]

I've found another figure about foreigners in Directory. See the following table. Pay particular attention to Yokohama (Kanagawa prefecture) was excluded.
Population data are based on the official web site of Tokyo prefecture  [人口の動き].

year	population of Tokyo	foreign residents in Tokyo
1875	932,458	――
1877	890,681	some 300 [Directory 1879, Tokyo p.390
1885	1,163,400	about 300 [Directory 1889, Tokyo p.527
1891	1,333,900	807* [Directory 1892, Tokyo pp.11-12
1900	1,947,300	――
1910	2,732,000	――

* on June 1891. 214 British, 204 American, 133 German.

Some 300 or 800 of foreigners in Tokyo in the 1880s ― I image that they could know each other, especially among English speaking people. It's a small world.

Note: Tokyo [東京 Tokei, Tokio] became the capital city of Japan when Meiji period [明治時代 1868-1912] started, however, it was not a prefecture of the largest population in Japan in the 1880s. In 1888 census, the largest was Niigata 新潟,  the second Hyōgo 兵庫,  the third Aichi 愛知 and the fourth Tokyo.

Last updated 18 Jan. 2015

Arrival 1875

The Whitney family set foot in Japan firstly on 3rd August 1875.
The member was:

William Cogswell Whitney  aged 50

Anna Lavina Whitney (née Mockridge)  41

Willis Norton Whitney 19 

Clara A. Whitney 14

Adelaide Norton Whitney 7

I've found a newspaper article mentioned their departure from San Francisco. The family of W. H. Whitney [sic] was among the passengers list of Oceanic.

Pacific Appeal, 17 July 1875, p.1.

Here it is an evidence of their arrival.

The Japan Weekly Mail, 7 Aug, 1875, p.686.

ARRIVALS.

Aug. 3, Oceanic, British steamer, Jennings, 2,700, from San Francisco,...

PASSENGERS.

Per Oceanic from San Francisco. ― Mr. and Mrs W. C. Whitney, M. C. Whitney, ... W. N. Whitney,...

“M. C. Whitney” must be a misprint for “C. A. Whitney” or “Misses C. and A. Whitney.” I suppose that Adelaide was too little to be mentioned.

Images are cut out and processed by the editor.
Thanks for the those prepared the original data on the net.

Last updated 13 November 2016,
Edited 06 Jan. 2015

Interpreter Willis 2

Willis was a capable interpreter of the Legation.  He was always punctual and diligent in his duties and working hard during office hours (9 a.m. to 4 p.m.), always ready with kindly advice and help [Remi1933: pp.46-48].

One of the Legation several events of National importance took place while Willis held his post as interpreter, was the promulgation of the New Japan Constitution on 11th February 1889. A state Banquet was held in the evening,  which he attended. The following letter written by the US minister Swift mentions that.

Mr. Swift to Mr. Blaine (John F. Swift)
No.80. Legation of the United States, Tokio, January 3, 1890 (Received January 29.)

SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of a communication from His Excellency Viscount Aoki [*1], His Imperial Japanese Majesty's minister for foreign affairs, addressed to me, which, as you will observe, requests me to transmit to each of certain American citizens therein named a medal and brevet commemorative of the promulgation, in February, 1889, of the imperial Japanese constitution, and of the fact that the said American citizens were present on that occasion and witnessed the ceremony.
The American citizens to whom I am requested to forward these medals and brevets are my predecessor in this mission, ex-Governor R. B. Hubbard; Mr. F. S. Mansfield, late secretary of legation, both now living in Texas; Mr. Edwin Dun, present secretary of this legation; and Dr. Whitney, interpreter.
I may also mention that they were present at the ceremony as representatives of the United States.
Inasmuch as both Governor Hubbard and Mr. Mansfield have ceased to hold any diplomatic or other official relation with the Japanese Government, there appears no reason, so far as I can see, why the acceptance or refusal of the articles thus offered them may not be left to their own discretion, at least so far as I am concerned. For that reason, and in view of their recent position at this legation, I felt called upon, as a matter of courtesy due to my predecessor and late secretary, to forward the medals, etc., direct to them without comment or suggestion, which I did. I trust this action may not meet with your disapproval.
Whether the medal referred to is such a present or other gift as falls within the inhibition of section 1751 of the Revised Statutes is a question that I do not feel called upon to decide, but refer to yourself for instructions in future cases, for in the case of Governor Hubbard and Mr. Mansfield I have already acted, at least as to sending the medals.
It is true, however, that in case they accept or reject I shall hereafter be called upon officially to notify the Government of His Imperial Japanese Majesty of the fact. If it be such inhibited gift, it is quite possible that I am wrong in forwarding it to any citizen who by law can not accept it.
I was recently requested by His Imperial Majesty's Government to forward to a gentleman in the United States consular service in Japan a medal recognizing his action in jumping into the sea and, at some risk to his own life, rescuing a drowning Japanese subject. I forwarded the article to the gentleman without offering any opinion as to his right to accept it, but leaving that question to himself. I did so, because I thought the medal issued under such circumstances hardly fell within the restriction of the statute; Nor, except upon a very strict construction of the statute, perhaps, does it in the medal commemorative of the new constitution which I have forwarded to Governor Hubbard and Mr. Mansfield.
But it is exceedingly probable that the question is not a new one to the Department, and that it may have been long since settled one way or the other.
Whether the United States minister here can properly in any case be the medium of communication and transmission of any kind of testimonial between the Government of Japan and citizens of the United States is a question in my mind not entirely free from doubt, and if there be a settled rule, I should be glad to know and will cheerfully follow it.
Another question I wish specially to be instructed upon. You will observe that the other citizens to whom these medals have been issued are Mr. Dun and Dr. Whitney. These articles are now in this legation. Mr. Dun, being actually secretary of this legation, it follows that the objection to his accepting, if any there be, grows out of the question as to whether this commemorative medal is such a present, emolument, favor, etc., as is prohibited United States diplomatic officers by the Constitution and laws of the country and especially section 1751 of the Revised Statutes. If so, it would seem as a logical result that I have no right to offer it to them, but should return it to the foreign office with a statement of the reasons. The same may be, and probably is, the case as to Dr. Whitney's right to accept the medal issued to him. It is possible Dr. Whitney, who is merely interpreter to this legation, and not technically a secretary, may not stand in precisely the same position in the premises with Mr. Dun, although the reason for the rule would certainly seem to apply as strongly in his case as in that of any other diplomatic employé. Yet I separate them and ask for instructions in each case, and also in Governor Hubbard's.
I have, etc.

JOHN F. SWIFT.

[The Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-First Congress. 1890-'91.

Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891, pp.575-576.]

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hj1gik;view=1up;seq=683

In those days all foreign travelers in the interior had to have passports and the making out of these was one part of his work. Therefore, missionaries from the USA needed his help, and Willis was ready to assist them in carrying the gospel over Japan. For that reason, he compiled the A Concise Dictionary of the Principal Roads, Chief Towns and Villages of Japan, and Index of Chinese Characters in Hepburn's Dictionary arranged according to their radicals, which was two of indispensable books for mission works at the time.
(image: https://archive.org/details/indexofchinesech00whitrich)

Rev. Edwin Munsell Bliss commented about connections between missionaries and official position:

There is another connection with the local government, however, which often works for good. From their superior education and ability missionaries are often appointed to some official position. Dr. Verbeck [*2] was for some time a state official of Japan. ... Others have served for a time as diplomatic agent of the home government, like S. Wells Williams. Dr. Whitney, of Tokyo, as Secretary of the American Legation, is in a position to use his official as well as medical services for the benefit of Christianity. Such positions often prepare the way for the gospel, and commend it to strangers.

[ The Encyclopaedia of Missions, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1891, p.277.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101068101037;view=1up;seq=309 ]

Willis looked upon his post at the Legation as given him by the Lord to enable him to carry on the Akasaka Hospital and to support his family [Remi1933: p.48]. It is clear that without regular income from the Legation, he could have not got married to Mary Caroline Braithwaite, nor took care of his hospital.
After twelve years of service，Willis resigned his post in 1895.

The reluctance of the Department of State to accept his resignation is shown in the following letter. 

COPY OF LETTER FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE，WASHINGTON.
Aug, 28, 1895.

Dr. Willis Norton Whitney,
Intrepreter [sic] of Legation, Tokio,
   now at London, England.
Sir,
    I have today informed Mr. Dunn that your resignation is accepted, and in saying the same to you directly I take occasion to express the sincere regret which, this Department feels that personal considerations prevent your longer continuance in an office which you have filled with entire acceptability. Knowing how important it is to the interest of our representative service in the eastern countries that the Legation's interpreter should not only be versed in the language of the people, but bring to the performance of his duties a high degree of intelligence and earnest attention to the duties of his office and knowing how well you have filled these conditions during the twelve years that you have been associated with the public service，it is due alike to you and to the Department to place on record the deep regret here felt that you are about to retire from your honourable and confidential post.
          I am Sir,
               Your obedient servant,
                      (Signed) Alney A. Adee.[*3]
                                        Acting Secretary. 

[Remi1933: pp.45-46]

[ Notes by the editor ]

*1 青木周蔵 AOKI Shuzo (1844-1914), diplomat and Foreign Minister. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoki_Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D 

*2 Guido Herman Fridolin Verbeck フルベッキ, ヴァーベック (1830-1898),  Dutch political advisor, educator and missionary of the Dutch Reformed Church. Died in Tokyo and was buried near Willis' mother.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Verbeck  

*3 Alvey Augustus Adee (1842-1924), Second Assistant Secretary of State 1886-1924.  [ Office of the Historian ]

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Last updated 04 Jan. 2015

Interpreter Willis 1

Let's see the members of the U. S. Legation in Tokyo in 1875, when the Whitney family first landed in Japan, and re-landed in 1882.

Incidentally, at the time a phonetic transcription of 東京 was not fixed. Some wrote Tokei, some Tokio and Tokyo, since even Japanese people did not have a pronunciation in common. Tokyo had came to be widely accepted since the 1880s, though, not a few of non-Japanese people wrote it Tokei in the early twentieth century. Tōkyō is also used.

Official Congressional Directory 1875, 44th/1st s., p.114.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081796702;view=1up;seq=124

Official Congressional Directory 1882, 47th/1st s., p.138.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081796744;view=1up;seq=330

The minister of the time was John A. Bingham (1815-1900), who took this post in 1873. The Legation located the foreign settlement in Tsukiji 築地, at the place they moved from Yokohama 横浜 in 1874 (history of U.S. Embassy buildings).

Let's see Willis' journal, at the day he received a letter telling him appointing to an interpreter of the legation. It was 1st of May, 1883, two weeks later his mother's death.

May 1st.  Still in bed － can hardly speak. Today has been a red letter day in my life. Early I received our mail. In Mr. Morris's letter I found the announcement that I was appointed by the President on the 3rd of March to be interpreter to the U. S. Legation here. What joy this would have given dear mama. I see however that unless she could have lived it would only have been an aggravation.

About ten o'clock the Minister and his wife, Mr. and Mrs. Bingham, came to bring the good news and seemed happy as they could be. Mr. B. said that over six years ago, when he sent for me to interpret a cipher telegraphic message he thought I would make a good interpreter. He left word I need not come to the office until I had got quite well. Later I sent word to Countess Katsu to ten her first. She was greatly delighted. Our old friend Mrs. Uchida's mother-in-law was I believe the first to congratulate me after Mr. Bingham. Dear old soul，how I wish she might be saved. 

How grateful we all feel to the dear Lord for all this. How wonderful it all seems. I therefore, following my mothers custom write this down as a great cause for praise that just as our money has all gone this new position is given me by which I now receive a salary until I can pay up everything and be free. How this reminds me of the children of Israel of whom it is written that after they passed over Jordan they did eat the old corn of the land and on the morrow the ‘manna’ ceased. Just so with us as the money sent us heretofore ran out this salaried position is given me. I do not know how I shall fill this but I know it is the Master's will.  [Remi1933: pp.39-40]

I've found a newspaper article published on 30 March 1883 in Vermont, including his name. We can confirm that the appointment was fixed in March.

The Middlebury Register and Addison County Journal. 

(Middlebury, Vt.), 30 March 1883. 

Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. 

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn98060001/1883-03-30/ed-1/seq-2/

Now he is an official interpreter of the U. S. Legation, Tokei!

 Official Congressional Directory 1883, 48th/1st., p.159.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081796736;view=1up;seq=371

What did an interpreter of the Legation get in a year in Japan of 1883?

Some books told me the fact. He draws a salary of $2,500. It's not too bad. The Minister Bingham got $12,000.

According to Containing a List of the Officers and Employés in the Civil, Military, and Naval Service on the First of July, 1893 (http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011979096), they got the same salary as 1883. The Second Secretary got $1,800, lower than the interpreter. 

The Legation relocated from Tukiji to Akasaka 赤坂, the U. S. Embassy's current location in 1890.  Here it is the new address ― 1A, Yenokizaka-machi, Akasaka 赤坂区榎坂町. Yes, Akasaka! 

Willis' office became very closer to Akasaka Hospital.

The Directory & Chronicle for China, Japan...,1892

https://archive.org/details/Directorychronicle1892

Tokyo p.23.

In 1895 he resigned.

During his term of office at the Legation, Dr. Whitney served under several ministers and there were many pleasant and capable men in the Legation circle, whom it was a pleasure to know, but，after twelve years of service，Dr. Whitney resigned his post in 1895, entirely with the view of giving the whole of his time to missionary work and medical practice.  [Remi1933: p.45] 

The United States Red Book

Albany: James B. Lyon, 1896, p.279.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.0315059650;view=1up;seq=525

There was Willis N. Whitney no more, at 1896 edition of the Official Congressional Directory. His successor was a Ransford S. Miller, jr.

Official Congressional Directory 1896, 54th/2nd s., p.266.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081796876;view=1up;seq=274

[ MEMO ] US Legation officials, from Official Congressional Directory

Minister Resident/Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary

• 1869: R. B. Van Valkenburgh (Minister Resident, Yedo)
• 1871: C. E. De Long
• 1873/Feb.: C. E. De Long (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Yedo) 
• 1873/Dec.: John A. Bingham [ Office of the Historian ] 
• 1874: John A. Bingham (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Tokei)
• 1875: John A. Bingham 
• 1876: John A. Bingham
• 1882: John A. Bingham
• 1883: John A. Bingham
• 1885: John A. Bingham
• 1886: Richard B. Hubbard [ Office of the Historian ]
• 1887: Richard B. Hubbard
• 1890: John F. Swift  [ Office of the Historian ]
• 1891/Jan.: John F. Swift
• 1892/Jan: (blank)
• 1892/Dec.: Frank L. Coombs, (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Tokyo)
• 1893/Aug.: Edwin Dun [ Office of the Historian ]
• 1894: Edwin Dun
• 1896: Edwin Dun
• 1898: Alfred E. Buck
• 1900: Alfred E. Buck

* For further details, see Wikipedia United States Ambassador to Japan

Secretary of Legation

• 1869: A. L. C. Portman (Secretary of Legation and Interpreter, Yedo)
• 1871: (no record)
• 1872: Egbert De Long Berry
• 1973: Durham W. Stevens
• 1875: Durham W. Stevens
• 1882: Durham W. Stevens
• 1883: Gustavus Goward
• 1885: Gustavus Goward
• 1886: Fred. S. Mansfield
• 1887: Fred. S. Mansfield
• 1890: Edwin Dun
• 1892: Edwin Dun
• 1893: (blank)
• 1894: (blank)
• 1896: Joseph R. Herod
• 1898: Joseph R. Herod
• 1900: Huntington Wilson

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Last updated 04 Jan. 2015

Penn Alumni

Willis was a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania（ペンシルベニア大学, ペンシルヴェニア大学）.

General Alumni Catalogue of the University of Pennsylvania, 1922

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4525505;view=1up;seq=572

WILLIS NORTON WHITNEY, M. D., 1881.

His alumni who lived in Japan gave him a farewell party on April 1911.

The Alumni Register of the University of Pennsylvania, 

Vol. XIII, No.2, June 1911, p.61.

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433074823984;view=1up;seq=127

JAPANESE ALUMNI REUNION.

BID FAREWELL TO DR. WHITNEY, '81
MED.; ELECT OFFICERS.

By invitation of the secretaries of the Alumni Association of the university of Pennsylvania in Japan some fourteen persons assembled in the Seiyoke Tsukiji [*] on April 5th at 6 o'clock. This meeting was held to bid farewell to Willis Norton Whitney, M. D., '81 Penna., M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. Vice-President of the Association, who is about to return to the United States and England after some twenty-one years of uninterrupted service.

President, Baron K. Iwasaki; Vice-President, Henry Scott Jefferys, '79 C,; Recording Secretary, Y. Kinoshita； Corresponding Secretary, T. 0kumura； Treasurer, Y. Sakai.

On the initiative of the President, Mr. T. Imadate, '78, the following statement was given to Dr. Whitney signed by all present.

“At a meeting of the Alumni Association of the University of Pennsylvania in Japan, held this day, April 5th, 1911, in Tokyo, it was unanimously resolved to delegate Doctor Wills Norton Whitney '81, who is now returning to Philadelphia, with a view to the strengthening of the long existing friendship between the two nations, to ask the authorities of the University to grant one or more scholarships to Japanese students.”

  (Signed)

  T. Imadate, President.

  Y. Kinoshita, Cor. Secretary.

  J. Ito.

  T. Okumura.

  T. Sugiura.

  S. Tateishi.

  K. Takagi, (Baron).

  Y. Sakai, Rec. Secretary.

  Allen K. Faust.

  Joseph S. Motoda.

  K. Ozaki.

  R. Takagi.

  H. S. Jefferys.

Mr. S. Yasukawa sent a telegram from Kidshu [sic. Kyushu is correct] regretting his inability to be present.

The Association now numbers fifty-one members.

 [ Notes by the editor  ] 

* Tukiji Seiyo-ken （築地精養軒）was the first Western food restaurant in Japan, opened in April 1872. After burnt down by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, only their branch Ueno Seiyo-ken (opened 1876) is continuing business.

Now I try to analyze names of alumni. See the following image, with numbering on the names.

All of them were found on General Alumni Catalogue or The Alumni Register of the University of Pennsylvania. Some of names were wrongly written.

1. IWASAKI Hisaya 岩崎久弥 1865-1955 / The third commander of Mitsubishi Zaibatsu (三菱財閥 a financial clique or group, or company syndicate). Created Baron in 1893.
Kyu-Iwasaki-tei Garden (旧岩崎邸庭園） http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyu-Iwasaki-tei_Garden

2. Henry Scott Jefferys Ｈ・Ｓ・ジェフリース 1853-1920 / Missionary of Episcopal Church, USA. Worked in Maebashi and Sendai, etc. Obituary: The Japan Christian Year Book 1921, pp.305-06. (https://archive.org/stream/japanchristian19unknuoft/#page/304/mode/2up)
Sometimes his name was wrongly spelled. Not Jeffreys but Jefferys is correct.

3. KINOSHITA Toshio 木下淑夫 1874-1923 / Official of the Railway Board 鉄道院.　http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E4%B8%8B%E6%B7%91%E5%A4%AB

4. OKUMURA Tsurukichi 奥村鶴吉 1881-1959 / Dental surgeon.
https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9D%91%E9%B6%B4%E5%90%89-1062908

5. SAKAI Yunosuke 酒井祐之助 1874-1935 / Architect.
http://fkaidofudo.exblog.jp/16784687

6. IMADATE Tosui 今立吐酔 1855-1931 / Principal of the school, etc.
http://www.koti.jp/marco/tosui.htm
http://www.city.sabae.fukui.jp/pageview.html?id=10899

7. ITO Jujiro 伊藤重治郎 1878-1964 Professor of Waseda University 早稲田大学.
http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/webcatplus/details/creator/2503738.html

8. SUGIURA Teijiro 杉浦貞二郎 1870-1947 / Ex-theologian, professor of the Military College.　https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9D%89%E6%B5%A6%E8%B2%9E%E4%BA%8C%E9%83%8E-83506

9. TATEISHI Sajiro 立石佐次郎 / Trader.
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA69414004

10. TAKAKI Kanehiro 高木兼寛 1849-1920　/ Naval physician. Created Baron in 1905. Founded the Sei I Kwai medical society [成医会] in 1881.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaki_Kanehiro

http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015066635783;view=1up;seq=551

11. Rev. Allen Klein Faust アレン・リライン・ファウスト 1869-1953 / Missionary and educator of Reformed Church in the United States. The sixth president of Miyagi College [現・宮城学院女子大学], Sendai.
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=54990386
Obituary : The Japan Christian Year Book 1956, p.43. (https://archive.org/stream/japanchristian45unknuoft#page/42/mode/2up)

12. Rev. MOTODA Joseph Sakunoshin 元田作之進 1862-1928 / Anglican priest, first Japanese bishop of Nippon Sei Ko Kwai [日本聖公会 Anglican Church in Japan], first president of Rikkyo University 立教大学.
https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%83%E7%94%B0+%E4%BD%9C%E4%B9%8B%E9%80%B2-1656743

13. OZAKI Marezo 尾崎稀三 / Dentist.

14. TAKAGI Ryukichi 高木隆吉 1886-1962 / Businessman. 三井銀行ニューヨーク支店長, 鐘紡取締役を歴任。逝去時は鐘淵デイゼル会長。

OZAKI & TAKAGI are found on 

東京電話番号簿（昭和17年10月1日現在）

Tokyo Telephone Directory 1942.

https://www.library.city.chuo.tokyo.jp/areacontents?6&pid=116

15. YASUKAWA Seizaburo 安川清三郎 1877-1936 / Man of business, established Meiji Mining Co. [明治鉱業] in Kyusyu.
https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%89%E5%B7%9D%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%89%E9%83%8E-1116448
http://homepage3.nifty.com/gnogami/m1-5.htm


*Special thanks for 中井けやきさん　けやきのブログⅡ　2009年11月 3日 (火)　ペンシルバニア大学、明治日本の「同窓会名簿」

[ Other Alumni ]

• Dr. SAEKI Ri'ichiro, 佐伯理一郎 (1862–1953) 佐伯病院（京都）の院長. 組合教会・同志社教会信徒
• Dr. Herbert E. Bowles (1900-1993),  son of Gilbert Bowles (1869-1960) and Minnie Pickett Bowles (1868-1958), Quaker missionaries who worked in Japan. Surgeon of St. Luke's Hospital. He later settled and had a practice in Honolulu, Hawaii.  (http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_HAVERFORD_USPHCHCColl1212)

Images are cut out and processed by the editor.
Thanks for the those prepared the original data on the net.

Last updated 10 Feb. 2015

Willis' wife Mary and seven children

Willis married an English Quaker, Mary Caroline Braithwaite on December 1885. They met three years before, when the Whitney family had visited London, on their way returning to Japan from the USA. In London, unfortunately, his father William Cogswell Whitney died from illness, and was buried. Eight months later, he and his little sisters lost their dearest mother Anna in Tokyo. Willis wrote on his journal:

24th [April 1883]. Just a week ago our dear Mother passed away. What an eventful week! It seems hardly possible that she is not with us ― yet when I go upstairs and see the empty quiet room then do I begin to realize the fact and too when I wand advice. ― she is not there. Oh may I come to ask Jesus as I used to ask her. We have been talking today about asking Miss Braithwaite to come out here and take Mother's place. Mother loved her so ― and once said that in case she were called away it would be best for me to ask Miss B. to come ― in fact she enjoined it upon me, knowing my feelings towards her. [ Remi:1933, p.38 ]

Reminiscences:1933 also stated that:

Willis's financial prospects were too uncertain to warrant an engagement, but after three years of medical work and his appointment as Interpreter to the United States Legation in Tokyo, he felt justified in claiming her as his bride [Remi:1933, p.43].

Willis went to London to marry her, and brought her back to Tokyo on February 1886. Mary became his faithful wife, as well as the Bible woman and nurse of Akasaka Hospital.

The following book gives information about their marriage and seven children.

Robert Seymour Benson, 

Photographic pedigree of the descendants of Isaac and Rachel Wilson,

Middlebrough: W. Appleyard, 1912.

https://archive.org/stream/photographicpedi00bens#page/384/mode/2up

p.384.

IND. No. II F 8 d.
MARY CAROLINE BRAITHWAITE = Dr. WILLIS NORTON WHITNEY.  

Mary Caroline Braithwaite, born at 65 Mornington Road. London, on 4th April, 1857. Married at Meeting House, Holloway, London, on 29th December, 1885, Dr. Willis Norton Whitney, M. D., Member of U.S. Legation at Tokio, Japan, son of William C. Whitney and his wife Anna L. Whitney. He was born at Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A., on 18th October, 1855.
Address: 17 Hikawa Cho, Akasaka, Tokio, Japan. 

Issue — Six sons and one daughter.
(I) Willis Bevan Whitney, born at Tokio. Japan, 21st March, 1888.
(II) John Norton Whitney, born at Tokio, Japan, 19th March, 1889, and died on 26th Novmber, 1889.
(III) Isaac Braithwaite Whitney, born at Tokio, Japan, 19th March, 1889, and died at sea on 21st February, 1890.
(IV) George Gillett Whitney, born at Tokio, Japan, 27th December, 1890.
(V) Joseph Rankin Whitney, born at Tokio, Japan, 15th July, 1893.
(VI) Anna Braithwaite Whitney, born at Tokio, Japan, 30th November, 1894.
(VII) Charles Lloyd Whitney, born at Tokio, Japan, 23rd February, 1898. 

I am adding announcements of their marriage on 29 December 1885, from a monthly Quaker Journal The British Friend,  and The Lancet.

Mary Caroline was the third daughter of a Quaker minister, Joseph Bevan Braithwaite (1818-1905).  According to the DNB (http://archive.today/pXGUt), the Braithwaite family lived 65 Mornington Road, Regent's Park from 1851 to 1861, then moved to 312 Camden Road, near the Holloway Meeting House at Mercers Road, Islington N19. Sadly, the place where Willis and Mary got married, ceased to be used as a place of meeting for religious worship in 1938 [The London Gazette, 22 July 1938, p.4758]. 

An announcement of their first-born, on The British Friend in 1888.

Twin sons were born in Tokyo, and passed away, one in the USA, one at the sea.

[Source] 

The British Friend : Google Books http://books.google.co.jp/

The Lancet: http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101074831064;view=1up;seq=55 

Mary Caroline's sister, Anne Braithwaite Thomas wrote how the baby John Norton had died at her home in Baltimore, in a memoir of her husband,  Richard H. Thomas, M. D.: Life and Letters [pp.230-31], published in 1905. John sleeps in Loudon Park Cemetery.

See https://archive.org/stream/richardhthomasm03thomgoog#page/n266/mode/2up

The Braithwaites and the Whitneys had much concern with Baltimore, Maryland, USA. I'll wrote later about that.

Images are cut out and processed by the editor.
Thanks for the those prepared the original data on the net.

Last updated 25 Jan. 2015